![]() Despite these and many other investigations, the physical role of torsion is still unclear, and modern general relativity is still torsion-free. Shapiro investigated effects of including a torsion background in quantized fields. ![]() Trautman also rewrote the Einstein field equations to include nonzero torsion and solved the system for a model consisting of a spinning cloud of dust previous to the big bang. ![]() In addition, several authors (including Einstein) investigated the torsion concept in an attempt to unify electromagnetism with gravity. Other investigations considered general effects of torsion in space-time and in a gravitational model of the strong interaction. Work continued on the Einstein-Cartan theory attempts to associate particle spin and/or rotating matter with torsion. In 1922, Élie Cartan included torsion in Einstein’s general relativity.
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